Midterm Exam

SPA 561. Examination I. Spring, 2003

NAME: ___________________________________

Section I. Short answer Explanations. (10 points each: 60 points total). Spend about ten minutes on each question.

Define, Describe, Give Examples or Compare and Contrast the following terms and six concepts in order to show how they pertain to stuttering: 

1. Speech Rate -versus- Articulation Rate
   
   
2. Exteriorized -versus- interiorized stuttering
   
   
3. Avoidance -versus- Escape Behaviors
   
   
4. Normal Nonfluencies -versus- Stutter-Like Disfluencies
   
   
5. Negative Reinforcement -versus- Punishment
   
   
6. Overt Behavioral Features -versus- Covert Emotional Features
   
   

Section II. Objective Questions.  Multiple Choice and True False.  Answer the following 20 questions. Each question is worth 2 points. Spend about 15 minutes on this section.

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. Which of the following behaviors would best be explained by the influence of negative reinforcement?
   1. Escape Behaviors
   2. Secondary characteristics: effort-struggle
   3. Avoidance Behaviors
   4. Core Features
   5. Negative Emotion/worry/dead/anxiety, etc.
2. Exteriorized stutterers exhibit disfluencies which may be:
   1. nonvocalized
   2. vocalized
   3. overt
   4. b and c
   5. a and b and c
3. Which of the following would NOT be an example of avoidance(s)
   1. tension and struggle
   2. starters
   3. circumlocutions
   4. postponement
   5. any and all of the above are examples of avoidance(s)
4. Which of the following is arranged from least to most severe?
   1. repeating, blocking, fixating
   2. repeating, blocking, prolonging
   3. fixating, repeating, prolonging
   4. repeating, prolonging, blocking
   5. repeating, avoiding, struggling
5. Billy says, "I am ffffour years old. His disfluency is:
   1. audible and nonvocalized
   2. audible and vocalized
   3. probably a sign of stuttering
   4. probably not a sign of stuttering
   5. impossible to say based on the information given
6. In the very early stages of stuttering development, the problem can best be described as:
   1. episodic
   2. chronic
   3. psycho-emotional
   4. intermittent
   5. highly fragmented
7. Which of the following would not be a major overt feature of stuttering?
   1. Duration
   2. Frequency
   3. Anxiety/emotion
   4. Intensity/Struggle
   5. Disfluency Type
   6. All of the above are major overt dimensions
8. According to Brutten and Shoemaker, part-word repetitions and prolongations are:
   1. involuntary
   2. operant
   3. instrumental
   4. two of the above
   5. all of the above
9. In addition to the actual stuttering that is produced, we need to be alert to the things that go on before and after the actually stuttering disruptions. Which of the following would NOT be an example of a Pre-Disruption Behavior that could occur prior to a stuttering moment?
   1. Anticipation
   2. Postponement
   3. Circumlocution  
   4. Two of the above
   5. All of the above 
10. Our NSA Workshop this weekend will be facilitated by:
    1. Russ Hicks
    2. Barry Guitar
    3. Douglass Quarrington
    4. Brutten Shoemaker

TRUE-FALSE. Indicate your answer to whether the following questions are true or false.

11. Charlie speaks 90 words in 45 seconds. Therefore, his speech rate is 120 words per minute.
12. Avoidance behaviors, when successful, are thought to be maintained by negative reinforcement. Escape behaviors, when successful, are thought to be positively reinforced.
13. Disfluencies that are inaudible and nonvocalized are usually associated with the normal nonfluencies of children. Disfluencies that are vocalized and not highly fragmented are usually associated with the early stages of stuttering.
14. The easiest way to compute articulate rate in syllables per second is to divide the number of meaningful syllables spoken per minute by 60.
15. In the case of RECOIL behaviors, there is ALWAYS some degree of "backing up and starting over."
16. With respect to the covert dimensions of fear and avoidance, avoidance is nearly always learned before fear. This way, the stutterer knows what to be afraid of.
17. In the development of stuttering, frustration and behavioral struggle are learned before fear and avoidance.
18. Head jerks and eye blinks are good examples of avoidance behaviors in the Stage IV stutterer.
19. The average normally developing child is approximately 10% disfluent.
20. Children who are normally fluent are apt to exhibit normal nonfluencies when they are attempting to speak in long and complex utterances.

END